The Left Hegelians

"Whoever says and knows no more than that I am an atheist says and knows as good as nothing of men. The question of whether a God does or does not exist belongs to the eighteenth and seventeenth century. I negate God; in my case this means that I negate the negation of man, in place of the illusory, fantastic, heavenly position of man, which in real life necessarily becomes
the negation of man, I put the sensory, real and consequently necessarily also political and social position of man. The question
of the existence or non-existence of God for me is precisely the question of the existence or non-existence of man."
Ludwig Feuerbach, Werke, 1846-66, I, p. xiv.

Primary Literature:

Bauer, Bruno. 1999. [1877]. Christ & the Caesars: The Origin of Christianity
            from Romanized Greek Culture. Charleston House Publishing.
_______. 1989. [1841].The Trumpet of the Last Judgement Against Hegel
             the Atheist and Antichrist: An Ultimatum. Translated by Lawrence Stepelevich. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen
            Press.
_______. 1843. Das entdeckte Christentum im Vormarz: Bruno Bauers Kampf gegen Religion und Christentum
            und Erstausgabe seiner Kampfschrift. Zürich and Winterhur: Verlag des literarischen Comptoirs.
_______. 1843. Die Judenfrage. Braunschweig: Druck und Verlag von Friedrich Otto.
_______. 1841. Die Pousane des jüngsten Gericht über Hegel den Atheisten und Antichristen. Leipzig:
                 Otto Wiegand
_______. 1841. Kritik der evangelischen Gescichte der Synoptiker. Erste Band. Leipzig: Otto Wiegand.
_______. 1840. Kritik der evangelischen Geschichte des Johannes. Bremen: Druck und Verlag von Earl
                 Schünnemann
Feuerbach, Ludwig. 1989 [1841]. The Essence of Christianity. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
Hess, Moses. 2004 [1837]. The Holy History of Mankind and Other Writings. edited by Shlomo Avineri.
            Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
_______. 1943 [1862]. Rome and Jerusalem: A Study in Jewish Nationalism. New York.
_______. 1845. "Über das Geldwesen" in Rheinische Jahrbücher zur gesellschaftlichen Reform (ed. H.Puttman),
            Darmstadt.
Stepelevich, Lawrence S. 1983. The Young Hegelians: An Anthology. New Jersey: Humanities Press.
Stirner, Max. 1995 [1844]. The Ego and Its Own. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Strauss, David Friedrich. 1860. The Life of Jesus: Critically Examined. Translated by George Elliot. New
                 York:Calvin Blanchard.
_______. 1836. Das Leben Jesu, Kritisch Bearbeitet. Zweite Band. Tübingen: Verlag C.V. von Osiander.

Secondary Literature:

Avineri, Shlomo. 1985. Moses Hess: Prophet of Communism and Zionism. New York and London: New York
            University Press.
Berlin, Isaiah. 1959. The Life and Opinions of Moses Hess. Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons Ltd.
Breckman, Warren. 1999. Marx, the Young Hegelians, and the Origins of Radical Social Theory. Cambridge:
            Cambridge University Press.
Koltun-Fromm, Ken. 2001. Moses Hess and Modern Jewish Identity. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Harvey, Van A. 1995. Feuerbach and the Interpretation of Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
McLellan, David. 1969. The Young Hegelians and Karl Marx. London: MacMillan.
Moggach, Douglas. 2003. The Philosophy and Politics of Bruno Bauer. Cambridge: Cambridge Universiity Press.
Rosen, Zwi. 1983. Karl Marx und Moses Hess. Ein Beitrag zur Entstehung des Marxismus. Hamburg 1983.
_______. 1977. Bruno Bauer and Karl Marx. The Hage: Martinoff Nijhoff.
Toews, John Edward. 1980. Hegelianism: The Path Ward Dialectical Humanism, 1805-1841. Cambridge:
            Cambridge University Press.